Kerouac said that “beat” had multiple meanings, such as “beaten down”, “beatific”, “beat up”, and “beat out”. The term “beat” was originally used by Jack Kerouac in 1948 to describe his social circle of friends and fellow writers, such as Allen Ginsberg, William S. The name was inspired by the Russian suffix “-nik”, which was used to denote members of various political or social groups. The term “beatnik” was coined by San Francisco Chronicle columnist Herb Caen in 1958, as a derogatory label for the followers of the Beat Generation, a group of influential writers and artists who emerged in the late 1940s and early 1950s. They also experimented with spirituality, drugs, sexuality, and travel. They rejected the conformity and consumerism of mainstream American culture and expressed themselves through various forms of art, such as literature, poetry, music, and painting. Brownīeatniks were members of a social movement in the 1950s and early 1960s who subscribed to an anti- materialistic lifestyle. For other uses, see Beatnik (disambiguation).
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